Kommunikation-RS485-Schnittstelle
Fig. Image 1

If it is necessary to network economical measuring devices with each other, the RS485 interface with Modbus RTU protocol remains the benchmark. The simple topology configuration, the lack of sensitivity to EMC interference and the open protocol have been outstanding features of the combination of RS485 and Modbus RTU protocol for years. The full name of the RS485 standard is TIA / EIA-485-A. The most recent update was in March 1998 and the standard was confirmed in 2003 without changes. The standard only defines the electrical interface conditions of the sender and receiver, it does not say anything about the topology or the lines to be used. This information can either be found in the TSB89 "Application Guidelines for TIA / EIA-485-A" or in the application descriptions of the RS485 driver module manufacturers, such as Texas Instruments or Maxim. According to the OSI model (Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model)* only the "physical layer" and not the protocol is described. The protocol used may be selected on an arbitrary basis, e.g. Modbus RTU, Profibus, BACnet etc. The communication between the sender and receiver takes place on a wired basis via shielded, twisted pair cable. One cable pair should only ever be used here for A and B (Fig.: Image 1b). If the interface is not galvanically separated then the common connection must also be routed with it (Fig.: Image 1b). More on this later.

Kommunikation-RS-Schnittstelle485-2
Fig. Image 2

The transfer of data takes place via a differential, serial voltage signal between lines [A] and [B]. Because data is transferred on the lines between sender and receiver, one also refers here to half-duplex or alternating operation. Each receiver or sender has an inverted and a non-inverted connection. The data transfer takes place symmetrically. This means that if one line has a "high" signal then the other has a "low" signal. Line A is therefore complementary to B and vice versa. The advantage of measuring the voltage difference between A and B is that common mode interference has largely no influence. Any common mode interference is coupled on both signal lines approximately equally, and due to the differential measurement it therefore has no influence on the data that is to be transferred.The sender (driver) generates a differential output voltage of at least 1.5 V at 54 Ohm load. The receiver has a sensitivity of +/-200 mV (Fig. Image 2).

Kommunikation-RS-Schnittstelle485-3
Fig. Image 3

The state logic here is as follows

A–B < 0.25 V= Logic 1
A–B > 0.25 V= Logic 0

The labelling of connections A / B is often not uniform. What is A with one manufacturer, may be B with the next. Why is this the case?

The definition says:

A = "-" = T x D- / R x D - = inverted signal
B = "+" = T x D + / R x D + = non-inverted signal

Furthermore, a third line "C" = "Common" is also cited. This line is for the reference ground.
* Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI): Driver = Sender; Receiver = Recipient; Transceiver = Sender / Receiver

However, some RS485 chip manufacturers such asTexas Instruments, Maxim, Analog Devices etc. have always used an alternative designation, which has since also become commonplace:

A = "+" = T x D + / R x D + = non-inverted signal
B = "-" = T x D - / R x D - = inverted signal

Due to this confusion, some device manufacturers have introduced their own designations:

D+ = "+" = T x D + / R x D + = non-inverted signal
D- = "-" = T x D - / R x D - = inverted signal

Through the [+] and ­ sign after the letter [D] it is clear which line is providing the inverted and the non-inverted signal.

Janitza electronics GmbH predominantly uses transceiver ICs from Texas Instruments, Analog Devices or Maxim. For this reason, all of our measuring devices utilise the following designations:

A = "+" = T x D + / R x D + = non-inverted signal
B = "-" = T x D - / R x D - = inverted signal

RS485-Schnittstelle-4
Fig. Image 4

The voltage VCM

The voltage VCM (Common Mode Voltage) is the sum of the GND potential differences between the RS485 participants (Fig.: Image 5), the driver offset voltage and the common mode noise (Vnoise), acting on the bus line. The RS485 driver manufacturers give a voltage range for VCM of -7 to 12 V. With communication problems, this voltage range - resulting from the potential differences between sender and receiver - is frequently impeded if the interface is not galvanically separated by configuration or no common line exists. Image 6 shows the calculation of the common mode voltage.

RS485-Schnittstelle-5
Fig. Image 5
RS485-Schnittstelle-6
Fig. Image 5.1
RS485-Schnittstelle-7
Fig. Image 6
RS485-Schnittstelle-8
Fig. Image 6.1

BUs topology

The bus is "multipoint-capable" and it is possible to connect up to 32 participants without a repeater. The best network topology here is the "daisy chain". This means that the bus cable runs directly from slave to slave.

It is necessary to note that stub lines (branches) should be avoided in general. Stub lines cause reflections on the bus. In theory it is feasible to calculate a possible stub line depending on the transceiver used. However, this is complex in practice.The length of a possible stub line is heavily dependent on the signal rise time of the transceiver used and should be less than 1/10 of the signal rise time of the driver. The higher the possible Baud rate of the transceiver, the smaller the signal rise time of the driver.This means one must know which IC has been installed with the bus participants. Furthermore, the signal speed of the cable must also be applied in the calculation. For this reason, one should avoid stub lines in general.

RS485-Schnittstelle-11
Fig. Image 9
RS485-Schnittstelle-12
Fig. Image 10

"Failsafe Bias" resistors

If the receiver inputs fall within the range of -200 mV to + 200 mV, the output of the receiver module is undetermined, i.e. it is not possible for an evaluation of the RS485 signal to take place.

Kommunikation-RS485-Schnittstelle-4
Fig. Image 11

Note: The screening must never be connected to the common connection of the RS485 interface.This would result in faults being directly coupled with the GND of the RS485 transceiver.

RS485-Schnittstelle-14
Fig. Image 12